Dr. Clayton Paul Alderfer
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: Expansion of Maslow's work, three categories of human needs.
"Alderfer categorized the lower order needs (Physiological and Safety) into the Existence category. He fit Maslow's interpersonal love and esteem needs into the Relatedness category. The Growth category contained the self actualization and self esteem needs. Alderfer also proposed a regression theory to go along with the ERG theory. He said that when needs in a higher category are not met then individuals redouble the efforts invested in a lower category need. For example if self actualization or self esteem is not met then individuals will invest more effort in the relatedness category in the hopes of achieving the higher need.[1]"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Alderfer
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. David C. McClelland
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: a model that explains the needs for achievement, power and affiliation.
"McClelland's Need Theory, created by a psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_theory
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. Abraham Maslow
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: A theory in psychology describing the growth stages of human needs.
"Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top.[1][6]
The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. Danny Hillis
Field of reference: Sociology, Technology, History
Description: Humans have become dependent on interdependent infrastructures, alongside specialized professions.
"1) So what are we humans becoming? What ever it is, is more connected, more interdependent. Few individuals today could survive outside the fabric of society. No city could stand alone with being continuously fed from the outside by networks of power, water, food and information. Few nations could maintain their lifestyles without trade. The web of our technology weaves us together, simultaneously enabling us and forcing us to depend more on one another.
2) There are other, subtler signs, that we are becoming a part of a symbiotic whole. It is obvious that we have become more narrowly specialized in our professions, but we are also becoming more specialized in the activities of our daily lives."
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 1. מעל צרכים בסיסיים |
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Leonard E. Read
Field of reference: Economics
Description: The intricate, global system required to create a pencil (article is well known in the scientific community and quoted by many)
"Simple? Yet, not a single person on the face of this earth knows how to make me. This sounds fantastic, doesn't it? Especially when it is realized that there are about one and one-half billion of my kind produced in the U.S.A. each year."
"Here is an astounding fact: Neither the worker in the oil field nor the chemist nor the digger of graphite or clay nor any who mans or makes the ships or trains or trucks nor the one who runs the machine that does the knurling on my bit of metal nor the president of the company performs his singular task because he wants me. Each one wants me less, perhaps, than does a child in the first grade. Indeed, there are some among this vast multitude who never saw a pencil nor would they know how to use one. Their motivation is other than me. Perhaps it is something like this: Each of these millions sees that he can thus exchange his tiny know-how for the goods and services he needs or wants. I may or may not be among these items."
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 1. מעל צרכים בסיסיים |
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