Dr. Kent C. Berridge, Dr. Terry E. Robinson
Field of reference: Psychology, Neuroscience
Description: The author states that nei
"Dopamine causes us to want, desire, seek out, and search. It increases our general level of arousal and our goal-directed behavior. (From an evolutionary stand-point this is critical. The dopamine seeking system keeps us motivated to move through our world, learn, and survive). It’s not just about physical needs such as food, or sex, but also about abstract concepts. Dopamine makes us curious about ideas and fuels our searching for information. The latest research shows that it is the opioid system (separate from dopamine) that makes us feel pleasure"
"We conclude that dopamine systems are not needed either to mediate the hedonic pleasure of reinforcers or to mediate predictive associations involved in hedonic reward learning.
We conclude instead that dopamine may be more important to incentiÍe salience attributions to the neural representations of reward-related stimuli."
Article: http://www.whatmakesthemclick.net/
Academic paper: http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&labs/
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. Clayton Paul Alderfer
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: Expansion of Maslow's work, three categories of human needs.
"Alderfer categorized the lower order needs (Physiological and Safety) into the Existence category. He fit Maslow's interpersonal love and esteem needs into the Relatedness category. The Growth category contained the self actualization and self esteem needs. Alderfer also proposed a regression theory to go along with the ERG theory. He said that when needs in a higher category are not met then individuals redouble the efforts invested in a lower category need. For example if self actualization or self esteem is not met then individuals will invest more effort in the relatedness category in the hopes of achieving the higher need.[1]"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Alderfer
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. David C. McClelland
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: a model that explains the needs for achievement, power and affiliation.
"McClelland's Need Theory, created by a psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_theory
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. Abraham Maslow
Field of reference: Psychology
Description: A theory in psychology describing the growth stages of human needs.
"Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top.[1][6]
The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 2. התפתחות הרצונות |
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Dr. Danny Hillis
Field of reference: Sociology, Technology, History
Description: Humans have become dependent on interdependent infrastructures, alongside specialized professions.
"1) So what are we humans becoming? What ever it is, is more connected, more interdependent. Few individuals today could survive outside the fabric of society. No city could stand alone with being continuously fed from the outside by networks of power, water, food and information. Few nations could maintain their lifestyles without trade. The web of our technology weaves us together, simultaneously enabling us and forcing us to depend more on one another.
2) There are other, subtler signs, that we are becoming a part of a symbiotic whole. It is obvious that we have become more narrowly specialized in our professions, but we are also becoming more specialized in the activities of our daily lives."
| שייך לנושאים: 1-13 - חינוך אינטגרלי, -מקורות מדעיים, התפתחות האגו, 1. מעל צרכים בסיסיים |
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